Insanity Is Doing the Same Thing Over and Over Again and Expecting Different Results

Albert Einstein? Al-Anon? Narcotics Anonymous? Max Nordau? George Bernard Shaw? Samuel Beckett? George A. Kelly? Rita Mae Brown? John Larroquette? Jessie Potter? Werner Erhard?

Dear Quote Investigator: It’s foolish to repeat ineffective actions. One popular formulation presents this point harshly:

The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result.

These words are usually credited to the acclaimed genius Albert Einstein. What do you think?

Quote Investigator: There is no substantive evidence that Einstein wrote or spoke the statement above. It is listed within a section called “Misattributed to Einstein” in the comprehensive reference “The Ultimate Quotable Einstein” from Princeton University Press.

The earliest strong match known to QI appeared in October 1981 within a Knoxville, Tennessee newspaper article describing a meeting of Al-Anon, an organization designed to help the families of alcoholics. The journalist described the “Twelve Steps” of Al-Anon which are based on similar steps employed in Alcoholics Anonymous. The newspaper began with these two steps:

Step 1: We admitted we were powerless over alcohol – that our lives had become unmanageable.

Step 2: Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity

One of the attendees at the meeting hesitated to accept the accuracy of second step. Emphasis added to excerpts by QI:

Not all the women are willing to admit they needed to be “restored to sanity.” In fact, one of them adamantly maintains that she had never reached a point of insanity. But another remarks, “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”

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The second earliest strong match known to QI appeared in a pamphlet printed by the Narcotics Anonymous organization in November 1981:

The price may seem higher for the addict who prostitutes for a fix than it is for the addict who merely lies to a doctor, but ultimately both pay with their lives. Insanity is repeating the same mistakes and expecting different results.

QI acquired a PDF of the document with the quotation above on the website amonymifoundation.org back in February 2011. The document stated that is was printed in November 1981, and it had a 1981 copyright notice. The website was subsequently reorganized, but the document remains available via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine database.

Below are additional selected citations in chronological order.
The linkage between insanity and repetition has a long history. The controversial book “Degeneration” by Max Nordau was published in German in 1892 and translated into English by 1895. Nordau examined the works of a variety of artists and savagely attacked those that contained repetition which he believed evinced a mental defect in the creator. For example, he criticized Maurice Maeterlinck’s “La Princesse Maleine”:

Has anyone anywhere in the poetry of the two worlds ever seen such complete idiocy? These ‘Ahs’ and ‘Ohs,’ this want of comprehension of the simplest remarks, this repetition four or five times of the same imbecile expressions, gives the truest conceivable clinical picture of incurable cretinism. These parts are precisely those most extolled by Maeterlinck’s admirers.

When George Bernard Shaw reviewed Nordau’s opus he turned the criticism of repetition back upon the author and suggested that Nordau might diagnose himself as mentally unsound:

I have read Max Nordau’s “Degeneration” at your request,—two hundred and sixty thousand mortal words, saying the same thing over and over again. That, as you know, is the way to drive a thing into the mind of the world, though Nordau considers it a symptom of insane “obsession” on the part of writers who do not share his own opinions. His message to the world is that all our characteristically modern works of art are symptoms of disease in the artists, and that these diseased artists are themselves symptoms of the nervous exhaustion of the race by overwork.

The 1955 book “The Psychology of Personal Constructs” by George A. Kelly included a definition that corresponded to the saying under investigation although it employed a different vocabulary:

From the standpoint of the psychology of personal constructs we may define a disorder as any personal construction which is used repeatedly in spite of consistent invalidation. This is an unusual definition, as psychological thinking ordinarily goes.

In October 1981 an educator and counselor on family relationships delivered a speech containing a thematically related adage:

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“If you always do what you’ve always done, you always get what you’ve always gotten.” That was the advice of Jessie Potter, the featured speaker at Friday’s opening of the seventh annual Woman to Woman conference.

More information about the quotation above is available here.

In October 1981 the saying was spoken by an attendee of an Al-Anon meeting as noted previously:

Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.

In November 1981 a pamphlet from Narcotics Anonymous contained a close match as noted previously:

Insanity is repeating the same mistakes and expecting different results.

The 1983 novel “Sudden Death” by Rita Mae Brown included an instance credited to Jane Fulton who was a character within the book:

The trouble with Susan was that she made the same mistakes repeatedly. She’d fall in love with a woman and consume her. Susan thought that her mere presence was enough. What more was there to give? When she tired, usually after a year or so, she’d find another woman.

Unfortunately, Susan didn’t remember what Jane Fulton once said. “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, but expecting different results.”

A June 1983 book review of “Sudden Death” in “The Clarion-Ledger” of Jackson, Mississippi reprinted the saying:

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Women’s tennis gets a thorough dissecting in this story. Jane Fulton is the critical sports writer who contends “Modern professional sports rewards players for function instead of character. Responsibility is normally defined as doing a job better than anyone else.” She looks askance at professional tennis and says “Win and become a god. Lose and be forgotten.” Finally after following the lives and careers of the players, and the game itself, she concludes, “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and over again, but expecting different results.”

Also in 1983 Samuel Beckett, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, offered a counterpoint perspective in his work “Worstward Ho”:

All of old. Nothing else ever. Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try again. Fail again. Fail better.

In January 1986 the Emmy-winning actor John Larroquette who was a star in the television comedy series “Night Court” shared the definition during a newspaper interview:

He pops in a definition of insanity – “It’s the repetition of the same action expecting different results. Like jumping out of a 40-storey building, breaking every bone, spending six months in hospital, going back to the same building, up to the 39th floor, jumping and expecting it to be different. It is NEVER different.”

In April 1986 an opinion piece by Baltazar A. Acevedo Jr in “The Dallas Morning News” of Texas included the saying:

I once heard insanity defined as a process by which an individual or a system does something over and over again in the same way while yet expecting different results. To continue to evaluate and address issues in our community strictly along ethnic, instead of human, considerations is insane if only for one reason: It will lead to the polarization that is the standard of paranoid societies.

The 1988 book “Raising Self-Reliant Children in a Self-Indulgent World” included an instance:

Flexibility is the ability to bend when we find ourselves in unworkable positions. A universal characteristic of insanity is inflexibly doing the same thing over and over while hoping for different results. Flexibility in the face of changing circumstances, by contrast, is a hallmark of mental health.

By 1990 the saying was being attributed to Einstein. For example, the “Austin American-Statesman” of Austin, Texas published the following remark made by Travis County District Attorney Ronnie Earle:

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Einstein once said that insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result.

In 1991 “The Seattle Times” printed the thoughts of an Indiana judge who ascribed another version of the saying to Einstein:

The jurist from the Hoosier State subscribes to Albert Einstein’s definition of insanity: “doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different outcome.”

In 2000 a columnist working for the Knight Ridder News Service ascribed a version of the saying to the influential lecturer and trainer Werner Erhard although the name was misspelled as “Erhart”:

Werner Erhart described insanity as ‘repeating identical behavior and expecting a different result.’ If we repeatedly have difficulties in an area of life, doesn’t it make sense that our behaviors cause the problems?

In 2016 the webcomic “xkcd” depicted two characters conversing; the first mentioned the now well-known definition of insanity, and the second replied with a remark that implicitly and cleverly applied the logic of the definition to his companion:

You’ve been quoting that cliché for years. Has it convinced anyone to change their mind yet?

In conclusion, based on current evidence the saying originated in one of the twelve-step communities. Anonymity is greatly valued in these communities, and no specific author has been identified by the many researchers who have explored the provenance of this adage. The linkage to Albert Einstein occurred many years after his death and is unsupported.

Image Notes: Two arrows pointing at one another from OpenClipart-Vectors at Pixabay. Portrait of Albert Einstein circa 1921 by Ferdinand Schmutzer accessed via Wikimedia Commons. Images have been retouched, cropped and resized.

(Great thanks to MJ Redman, Kevin Ashton, Melinda Denson, Linda Sternhill Davis, The Muser, Mededitor, Santanu Vasant, Simon Lancaster, Michael Cochran, David Meadows, J Carson, Guilherme Simões, Ed Darrell, Lee Winkelman, and Fabius Maximus (Ed.) whose inquiries led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Special thanks to the volunteer researchers Quora and Wikiquote who mentioned the Narcotics Anonymous citation. Also, thanks to the valuable research conducted by Barry Popik, Ben Zimmer, and Daniel Gackle. Many thanks to Bill Mullins who located the important October 11, 1981 citation.)

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Update History: On July 31, 2019 the October 11, 1981 citation was added to the article.

“Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.” That witticism—I’ll call it “Einstein Insanity”—is usually attributed to Albert Einstein.

Is doing the same thing over and over again insanity? ›

Albert Einstein : “Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” Building a consensus for an unambiguous and easy to understand definition of innovation has not yet been possible.

Who said that the definition of insanity? ›

“The definition of ‘insanity’ is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results. – Albert Einstein.

What is it called when you keep doing the same thing over and over? ›

repetitive Add to list Share. Something that is repetitive involves doing the same thing over and over again.

What is the true meaning of insanity? ›

Legal Definition of insanity

1 : unsoundness of mind or lack of the ability to understand that prevents one from having the mental capacity required by law to enter into a particular relationship, status, or transaction or that releases one from criminal or civil responsibility: as.

What is the definition of doing the same thing and expecting a different result? ›

The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results. –Albert Einstein.

What was Einstein’s quote on insanity? ›

“The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”

What quotes Did Einstein actually say? ›

Here’s my translation of some of his famous thoughts.

“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” …
“The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.” …
“I have no special talent. …
“The only reason for time is so that everything doesn’t happen at once.”

What does insanity mean in psychology? ›

insanity. n. mental illness of such a severe nature that a person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct her/his affairs due to psychosis, or is subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior. Insanity is distinguished from low intelligence or mental deficiency due to age or injury.

Did Albert Einstein say insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results? ›

The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. These words are usually credited to the acclaimed genius Albert Einstein.

Is mental illness the same as insanity? ›

Mental illness is usually a broader and more inclusive term than Insanity. Insanity is usually reserved for describing severe conditions involving psychotic-like breaks with reality, while Mental Illness can include both severe and milder forms of mental problems (such as anxiety disorders and mild depressions).

What does Albert Einstein say about life? ›

Albert Einstein wrote: “A calm and modest life brings more happiness than the pursuit of success combined with constant restlessness.” His quote on a piece of paper sold for $1.3 million.

What do you call a person who keeps repeating? ›

Echolalia is a psychiatric term that’s used to describe what some people with mental disorders or autism tend to do, automatically repeat what they hear other people say. There’s no meaning intended in echolalia — it’s simply a mechanical echoing of sounds.

What do you call a person who does the same thing everyday? ›

a creature of habit

phrase. someone who likes to do the same thing at the same time every day.

When a man learns something and repeats the same or tries to repeat it is called? ›

reiterate. verb. formal to repeat something in order to emphasize it or make it very clear to people.

What are the 4 types of insanity? ›

Four variations of the insanity defense currently exist: M’Naghten, irresistible impulse, substantial capacity, and Durham.

What is the cause of insanity? ›

Patterson and his colleagues posited that “physical causes” of insanity were either direct afflictions, such as brain hemorrhaging or lesions, or indirect diseases, such as suppression of the menses or pulmonary disease, that, in time, damaged the central nervous system and eventually the brain.

What is an example of insanity? ›

The definition of insanity is having a serious mental illness or being extremely foolish. An example of insanity is a personality disorder. An example of insanity is jumping out of an airplane without a parachute. The state of being insane; madness.

Why is Albert Einstein so smart? ›

There were, in fact, unique features to Einstein’s brain that may be the answer to how he was so smart. Some parts of the brain were thicker than average, which could mean he had a stronger connection between the two hemispheres. In 1947, he co-authored a top-secret paper on what to do if humans contact aliens with J.

Did Albert Einstein say the world will not be destroyed? ›

but by those who watch them without doing anything.” – Albert Einstein.

What is Nikola Tesla’s most famous quote? ›

“Be alone, that is the secret of invention; be alone, that is when ideas are born.”

What is Mark Twain most famous quote? ›

“Be good and you will be lonesome.”
“Honor is a harder master than law.”
“Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest.”
“Do your duty today and repent tomorrow.”

How do you treat insanity? ›

Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, involves talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health professional. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behavior.

Why is the word insanity not used in psychology? ›

Insanity is a term used by some people to describe behavior motivated by disrupted mental states that may interfere with functioning. Because the term is often used in a pejorative manner to describe those experiencing mental illness, the field of psychology has largely abandoned its use.

Do you think insanity is a good defence? ›

According to the medical point of view, it is probably correct to say that every person, when committing a criminal act, is insane and therefore needs an exemption from criminal responsibility; while it is a legal point of view, a person must be held to be the same as long as he is able to distinguish between right and …

Can there be a trial of an insane person? ›

The fact of insanity throughout the trial will be considered part of the proceedings. In the case of Kulwinder Singh v. State of Haryana (2011), it was stated that since Section 329 of CrPC relates to the trial of a person of unsound mind and that the application has been filed during the trial Section 329 of the Cr.

Why is insanity a defense? ›

The insanity defense, also known as the mental disorder defense, is an affirmative defense by excuse in a criminal case, arguing that the defendant is not responsible for their actions due to an episodic or persistent psychiatric disease at the time of the criminal act.

What is Albert Einstein’s IQ? ›

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science whose estimated IQ scores range from 205 to 225 by different measures.

How did Einstein think? ›

Nonconformist, independent thinking. In addition to curiosity, Einstein’s willingness to be a nonconformist was an important part of his personality. His ability to question the conventional wisdom provided the creative spark that ultimately led to many of his scientific breakthroughs.

What did Albert Einstein say about intelligence? ›

Albert Einstein said, “The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.” I like the quote very much, and it reminds me of how the Commission must approach its oversight mission going forward.

Did Albert Einstein say insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results? ›

The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different result. These words are usually credited to the acclaimed genius Albert Einstein.

What was Albert Einstein’s definition of insanity? ›

“The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”

What quotes Did Einstein actually say? ›

Here’s my translation of some of his famous thoughts.

“We cannot solve our problems with the same thinking we used when we created them.” …
“The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination.” …
“I have no special talent. …
“The only reason for time is so that everything doesn’t happen at once.”

What does insanity mean in psychology? ›

Did Albert Einstein say the world will not be destroyed? ›

but by those who watch them without doing anything.” – Albert Einstein.

Why is Albert Einstein so smart? ›

What is an example of insanity? ›

What was Einstein’s IQ? ›

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and philosopher of science whose estimated IQ scores range from 205 to 225 by different measures.

Why is the word insanity not used in psychology? ›

What is Nikola Tesla’s most famous quote? ›

“Be alone, that is the secret of invention; be alone, that is when ideas are born.”

What is Mark Twain most famous quote? ›

“Be good and you will be lonesome.”
“Honor is a harder master than law.”
“Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest.”
“Do your duty today and repent tomorrow.”

What are the 4 types of insanity? ›

Four variations of the insanity defense currently exist: M’Naghten, irresistible impulse, substantial capacity, and Durham.

What causes a person to become insane? ›

Stressful life situations, such as financial problems, a loved one’s death or a divorce. An ongoing (chronic) medical condition, such as diabetes. Brain damage as a result of a serious injury (traumatic brain injury), such as a violent blow to the head. Traumatic experiences, such as military combat or assault.

What is the cause of insanity? ›

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